Jin Dynasty, 1115-1234
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This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115-1234). For
other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in
pinyin, see Jin Dynasty.
The Jin Dynasty
(Jurchen: Anchu; Chinese: pinyin: Jin Cháo; 1115-1234),
Wade-Giles Chin Dynasty, also known as the Jurchen dynasty, was
founded by the Wanyan (Wányán) clan of the Jurchen, the ancestors
of the Manchus who established the Qing Dynasty some 500 years
later. The name is sometimes written as Jinn to differentiate
it from an earlier Jìn Dynasty of China whose name is spelled
identically in the Roman alphabet.
History
Founded in 1115 in northern Manchuria by the Jurchen chieftain
Wányán Aguda, it successfully annihilated in 1125 the Liao Dynasty
which had held sway over northern China, including Manchuria and
part of the Mongol region for several centuries. Also at this
time, the Jin made overtures to the Korean kingdom of Goryeo,
which Emperor Yejong refused.[1] On January 9, 1127 Jin forces
ransacked Kaifeng, capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, capturing
both Emperor Qinzong, and his father, Emperor Huizong, who had
abdicated in panic in the face of Jin forces. Following the fall
of Kaifeng, Song forces under the leadership of the succeeding
Southern Song Dynasty continued to fight for over a decade with
Jin forces, eventually signing the Treaty of Shaoxing in 1141,
calling for the cesation of all Chinese land north of the Huai
River to the Jin and the execution of Song General Yue Fei in
return for peace.
Map of Asia and Europe circa 1200 C.E.
The migration south
After taking over Northern China, the Jin Dynasty became increasingly
Sinicized. About three million people, half of them Jurchens,
migrated south into northern China over two decades, and this
minority governed about thirty million Chinese. The Jurchens were
given land grants and organized society into 1,000 households
(?? - meng'an) and 100 households (?? - mouke). Many married Chinese,
although the ban on Jurchen nobles marrying Chinese was not lifted
until 1191. After Jin Emperor Tàizong (??) died in 1135, the next
three Jin emperors were grandsons of Wányán Aguda by three different
princes. Young Jin Emperor Xizong (??) (r. 1135-1149) studied
the classics and wrote Chinese poetry. He adopted Chinese cultural
traditions, but the Jurchen nobles had the top positions. Later
in life, Emperor Xizong became an alcoholic and executed many
Chinese officials for criticizing him. He also had Jurchen leaders
who opposed him murdered, even those in his own Wanyan family
clan. In 1149 he was murdered by a cabal of relatives and nobles,
who made his cousin Wányán Liàng (???) the next Jin emperor. He
was also violent, and historians refused to give him a posthumous
name as an emperor but only referred to him as Prince Hailíng
(???).[2]
Rebellions in the north
In 1153, Prince Hailíng moved the empire's "southern" capital
from Huining Fu in northern Manchuria (south of present-day Harbin)
to Zhongdu (now Beijing). Four years later in 1157, he razed Beijing,
including the nobles' residences, and moved the Jurchen southern
capital from Beijing to Kaifeng and began to reconstruct it (since
its sack in 1127). Prince Hailíng also tried to suppress dissent
by killing Jurchen nobles, executing 155 princes.[3] Emperor Prince
Hailíng attacked the Southern Song in 1161. Meanwhile, two simultaneous
rebellions of Jurchen nobles, led by soon-to-be crowned Wányán
Yong (???), and Khitan tribesman erupted in Manchuria, forcing
the Jin Dynasty to withdraw its troops from southern China to
quell the uprisings. With a "watered-down" military force, Prince
Hailíng failed in taking the Song and was assassinated by his
own generals in December of 1161. His son and heir was also assassinated
in the capital. Although crowned in October, Wányán Yong was not
officially recognized as Jin Emperor Shìzong (??) until the murder
of Prince Hailíng's heir.[4] The Khitan uprising was not suppressed
until 1164; their horses were confiscated so that the rebels had
to take up farming. Other Khitan and Xia cavalry units had been
incorporated into the Jin army. Because the uprisings had severally
weakened the Jin's hold on the southern Song, the Treaty of Lóngxing
(????) was signed in 1164 and ushered over 40 years of peace between
the two empires. In the early 1180s Emperor Shìzong instituted
a restructuring of 200 meng'an units to remove tax abuses and
help Jurchens. Communal farming was encouraged. The Jin empire
prospered and had a large surplus of grain in reserve. Shìzong's
grandson, Emperor Zhangzong (??) (r. 1189-1208) venerated Jurchen
values, but he also immersed himself in Chinese culture and married
a Chinese woman. The Taihe Code of law was promulgated in 1201
and was based mostly on the Tang Code. In 1207 the Song Chinese
tried to invade, but the Jin forces effectively repulsed them.
In the peace agreement the Song had to pay higher annual indemnities
and behead Hán Tuozhòu (???), the leader of their war party.[5]
Fall under the Mongol Empire
Starting from the early 13th century the Jin Dynasty began to
feel the pressure of Mongols from the north. Genghis Khan first
led the Mongols into Western Xia territory in 1205 and ravaged
them four years later. In 1211 about 50,000 Mongols on horses
invaded the Jin Empire and began absorbing Khitan and Jurchen
rebels. The Jin army had a half million men with 150,000 cavalry
but abandoned the "western capital". The next year the Mongols
went north and looted the Jin "eastern capital", and in 1213 they
besieged the "central capital". In 1214 the Jin made a humiliating
treaty but retained the capital. That summer, Jin Emperor Xuanzong
(??) abandoned the central capital and moved the government to
the "southern capital" of Kaifeng, making it the official seat
of Jin Dynasty power. In 1216 a war faction persuaded Xuanzong
to attack the Song, but in 1219 they were defeated at the same
place by the Yangtze River, where Prince Hailíng had been defeated
in 1161. Jin Emperor Aizong (??) won a succession struggle against
his brother and then quickly ended the war and went back to the
capital. He made peace with the Tanguts, who had been allied with
the Mongols. Genghis Khan died in 1227 while his armies were conquering
the Tangut Empire. His son Ögedei Khan invaded the Jin Empire
in 1232. The Jurchens tried to resist; but when Kaifeng was attacked,
Aizong fled south. The Mongols looted the capital in 1233, and
the next year Aizong committed suicide to avoid being captured,
ending the Jin dynasty in 1234. [6]
Rise of the Manchus
After thirty years of struggle, the Jurchen chief Nurhaci (????)
combined the three Jurchen tribes and founded the Latter Jin Dynasty
(1616-1636 CE). Nurhaci's eighth son and heir, Huáng Tàijí (???),
later changed the name of his people from Jurchen to Manchu in
1635. The next year, he changed the name of the Latter Jin to
Qing in 1636.
|
Sovereigns of Jin Dynasty 1115-1234
|
| Temple Name |
Posthumous Name |
Birth Name
|
Years of
|
Era Name
|
|
Miao Hao
|
Shi Hao
|
|
Reign
|
Nian Hao
|
|
miàohào
|
shìhào
|
xìngmíng
|
|
niánhào
|
| |
|
|
|
and Years |
Convention: "Jin" + temple name or posthumous name
| |
|
|
|
Shouguó
|
|
Tàizu
|
|
Wányán Aguda |
1115-1123
|
1115-1116
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tianfu
|
| |
|
|
|
1117-1123
|
|
Tàizong
|
|
Wányán Wúqimai |
1123-1134 |
Tianhuì
|
| |
|
Wányán (Shèng
or Chéng) |
|
1123-1134
|
|
Xizong
|
|
Wányán Hélá |
1135-1149 |
Tianhuì
|
| |
|
Wányán Dan |
|
1135-1138
|
| |
|
|
|
Tianjuàn
|
| |
|
|
|
1138-1141
|
| |
|
|
|
Huángtong
|
| |
|
|
|
1141-1149
|
| |
Hailíngwáng
|
Wányán Liàng
|
1149-1161 |
Tiandé
|
| |
|
|
|
1149-1153
|
| |
|
|
|
Zhènyuán
|
| |
|
|
|
1153-1156
|
| |
|
|
|
Zhènglóng
|
| |
|
|
|
1156-1161
|
|
Shìzong
|
|
Wányán Yong
|
1161-1189 |
Dàdìng
|
| |
|
|
|
1161-1189
|
|
Zhangzong
|
|
Wányán Jing
|
1190-1208
|
Míngchang
|
| |
|
|
|
1190-1196
|
| |
|
|
|
Chéng'an
|
| |
|
|
|
1196-1200
|
| |
|
|
|
Tàihé
|
| |
|
|
|
1200-1208
|
|
|
Wèishàowáng
|
Wányán Yongjì
|
1209-1213
|
Dà'an
|
|
|
or Wèiwáng
|
|
|
1209-1212
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chóngqìng
|
|
|
|
|
|
1212-1213
|
|
|
|
|
|
Zhìníng
|
|
|
|
|
|
1213
|
|
Xuanzong
|
|
Wányán Xún
|
1213-1223
|
Zhenyòu
|
|
|
|
|
|
1213-1217
|
| |
|
|
|
Xingdìng
|
|
|
|
|
|
1217-1222
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yuánguang
|
|
|
|
|
|
1222-1223
|
|
Aizong
|
|
Wányán Shouxù
|
1224-1234
|
Zhèngdà
|
|
|
|
|
|
1224-1232
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kaixing
|
|
|
|
|
|
1232
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tianxing
|
|
|
|
|
|
1232-1234
|
| |
Mòdì
|
Wányán Chénglín
|
1234
|
|
|
|
